It includes repairing or replacing heart valves, treating blocked arteries, and implanting cardiac assist devices. These procedures are often necessary for patients suffering from severe cardiovascular diseases, congenital defects, or damage caused by heart attacks. Heart valve repair or replacement restores proper blood flow and prevents complications such as heart failure or stroke. Treating blocked arteries, typically through bypass surgery or angioplasty, is essential for improving circulation and reducing the risk of future cardiac events. In more advanced cases, cardiac assist devices such as pacemakers, defibrillators, or ventricular assist devices (VADs) are implanted to help regulate the heart’s rhythm or support its pumping function. Together, these surgical and interventional treatments aim to restore normal heart function, enhance the patient’s quality of life, and extend overall life expectancy through advanced medical care and precise surgical techniques.
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